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One of the Family: Metis Culture in Nineteenth-Century Northwestern Saskatchewan, by Brenda Macdougall
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In recent years there has been growing interest in the social and cultural attributes that define the Metis as both Aboriginal and a distinct people. The study of Metis identity formation has also become one of the most innovative ways to explore cultural encounters and change in North American history and anthropology.
In One of the Family,Brenda Macdougall draws on diverse written and oral sources and employs the concept of wahkootowin - the Cree term for a worldview that privileges family and values relatedness between all beings - to trace the emergence of a distinct Metis community at Ile a la Crosse in northern Saskatchewan. Wahkootowin describes how relationships in the nineteenth century were supposed to work and helps to explain how the Metis negotiated with local economic and religious institutions while creating and nurturing - through marriage choices and living arrangements, adoption and the selection of godparents, economic decisions and employment - a society that emphasized family obligation and responsibility.
This path-breaking study showcases how one Metis community created a distinct identity rooted in Aboriginal values about family and shaped by the fur trade and the Roman Catholic Church. It also offers a model for future research and discussion that will appeal to anyone interested in the history of the fur trade or Metis culture and identity.
- Sales Rank: #642894 in Books
- Published on: 2010-11-10
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.75" h x 6.00" w x 1.00" l, 1.20 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 320 pages
Review
In a meticulously crafted study of the connections between the Metis families of the Sakitawak (Ile a la Crosse) region of Saskatchewan, Brenda Macdougall adds richness to a familiar story by extending the focus of her study from the geographic, temporal, and cultural preeminence of Red River in historical discourse. -- Venetia Boehmer-Plotz, Brock University H-Canada Review An impressive work that traces the emergence of the Metis community "as an expression of Aboriginality" (p. 56). One of the Family emerges as a welcome and much-needed contribution to the field and should serve as a valuable framework for future research. Both captivating and rigorous, this book is sure to engage scholars interested in Aboriginal-newcomer relations and Metis identity studies -- Venetia Boehmer-Plotz, Brock University H-Canada
Review
"The central concept that underlies this important new book is wahkootowin, 'a worldview linking land, family, and identity in one interconnected web of being.' This original and richly researched work follows four generations of widely connected Metis families in the Ile a la Crosse region, illuminating their lives and histories as concrete expressions of this powerful organizing principle learned from their Aboriginal mothers and grandmothers."―Jennifer S.H. Brown, FRSC, Professor of History and Director, Centre for Rupert's Land Studies, University of Winnipeg
About the Author
Brenda Macdougall is an associate professor in the Department of Native Studies at the University of Saskatchewan.
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The In-Crowd Or the Out-Crowd
By dragon711
I have long been fascinated by the fur-trade communities of the Metis, the mixed European-Native people who inhabited much of the present-day Midwest and all the way north to Canada. As a Canadian scholar, MacDougall's focus is on Canadian Metis, but she offers a novel perspective. She begins by defining a Native-American concept of family; one's ancestors, present community and future descendants were and are all considered family, as were spirit beings, the natural world, and animals. She further states that most M�tis developed their identity by settling on the lands of the Native tribes from whom they were maternally descended, and using Native languages like Cree as lingua franca. Her historiography brings the Native component of M�tis identity front-and-center by basically stating that European cultures, institutions and ideas were merely accoutrements to a pre-existing Native worldview. While I'm not sure I agree, her viewpoint is well-researched and a refreshing change from Eurocentric works on the topic, which do tend to valorize male achievement and ignore women, particularly Native women, as she notes.
MacDougall shows how certain Native cultures, valuing the family above all else, tried to regulate their relationship to foreign men, cultures and institutions by domesticating outside influences into "family" roles. French-Canadian, Scots or Orkney men gained entry into native society by becoming husbands and in-laws to native women. Roman Catholicism caught on among certain Native tribes and their Met�s kin because Catholicism's focus on the earthly family, as well as on a different "spirit family" of saints, the Trinity, Jesus, Mary, and Joseph and the family titles of Brother, Sister, Father for clergy already lined up with how the Native folk did things. In return for the peoples' service, the Roman Catholic Church and the fur-trade companies were expected to fulfill traditional familial roles to the people by providing total reciprocity and things like housing, food rations, pensions for old age and widows, jobs for men and women, even liquor and dances. Sometimes the institutions did not always fill this expected role, leading Metis people to switch employment. This is a fascinating portrait of how the Metis became a distinct ethnic group and maintained their culture. They even practiced cross-cousin marriage to promote alliances, strengthen familial and regional ties, and preserve occupational knowledge and hegemony. MacDougall clearly has more than a few bones to pick with previous scholars of the field. She is, in particular, impatient with scholars who attempt to racially or culturally classify the Metis in a monolithic or anachronistic way. She is more keen to emphasize similarities than differences; all spoke French or Cree, all lived in matrifocal families where women played a primary role, all or nearly all were Roman Catholics, all emphasized the importance of the family and the group and practiced an ethics of sharing.
I still have a few questions, such as: What role did European languages play in the identity formation of Metis groups? Why were naming practices as varied as they were? Why did the Metis survive as a distinct ethnic group in Canada and largely disappear in the U.S.? (That question she also dismisses as part of her critique of myopic racialism). What about the evolution of Metis fashions? What was Metis music like and do people still play it today? Did the Catholics approve of Metis cross-cousin marriage? They did, after all, require special dispensations to be filed by all those inbreeding royals in Europe and generally discouraged consanguineous marriage across the world. Sephardic secret Jews practiced this kind of extreme family endogamy to maintain their ethnic and cultural distinctiveness, too, but they knew it was in open defiance of general Catholic marriage norms.
My one criticism of this book is that she sometimes get bogged down in list after list of genealogical charts and relationships. I understand fully that the Metis were family-centered and still are, so this book was probably going to contain a lot of genealogy anyway, but that aspect of the book seemed a little awkward and labyrinthine. Overall though, it was a great book and I HIGHLY recommend it for anyone interested in the early history of Canada or the Midwest. It was fascinating and interesting on every page, it held my interest throughout, and I learned so much more about a place and time that I thought I knew.
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